Suppose that X_1 and X_2 are independent random variables such that X_1+X_2 is defined. Let \sigma_1 and \sigma_2, and \sigma be the standard deviations of X_1, X_2, and X_1+X_2 respectively. Then \sigma^2=\sigma_1^2+\sigma_2^2 (the numbers \sigma_1^2, \sigma_2^2, and \sigma^2 are called the variances of X_1, X_2, and X_1+X_2 respectively). This looks very Pythagorean Theorem (PT) like. In fact, at least one person calls it the Pythagorean Theorem of Statistics (PToS).
In the link, the author gives a proof of the PToS, but the proof doesn't look much like the proof for the PT. Nevertheless, the similarity is hard to ignore. So I wonder, is the PToS just the PT dressed up in statistical clothing, or is it merely a coincidence that the similarity exists?
I suspect it's the former, but I don't quite see the connection yet. The PT is about right triangles in a plane, and I don't see what that plane would be for the PToS, nor what the triangle is, nor why the third side of that triangle should be related to X_1+X_2. The other author doesn't seem to be aware of a connection either, since none of the reasons he gives for calling it the PToS are "because it is the Pythagorean Theorem."
Update:
My initial instinct was to represent X_1 and X_2 with a pair of orthogonal axes using (\mu_1,\mu_2) as the origin, where \mu_1 and \mu_2 are the means of X_1 and X_2 respectively. If we let \arrow x_1=(\sigma_1,0) and \arrow x_2=(0,\sigma_2), then we could represent X_1+X_2 with the line through (\mu_1,\mu_2) with the direction vector \arrow x_1+\arrow x_2. The length of \arrow x_1+\arrow x_2 is \sigma=\sqrt{\sigma_1^2+\sigma_2^2}. Therefore, \sigma^2={\sigma_1^2+\sigma_2^2}. So we get the Pythagorean identity.
This isn't a geometric proof of the Pythagorean Theorem of Statistics, though. At best, it is an illustration of the Pythagorean Theorem of Statistics by the Pythagorean Theorem from geometry. It is perhaps natural to represent X_1 and X_2 by orthogonal axes. Representing X_1+X_2 by the line in the direction of \arrow x_1+\arrow x_2 was forced to make the geometry work. It's not as natural. The more natural thing to do is represent X_1+X_2 by a third axis orthogonal to both X_1 and X_2. Also, I do not see how the statistical theorem would follow from the geometrical illustration.
Randy Elzinga's mathematics blog. Graph theory, algebra, and real life. Not peer reviewed.
Wednesday, 30 April 2014
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